wǒ huì shuō hànyǔ.
I can speak Mandarin Chinese.
This sentence uses the potential verb '会' to indicate ability, and the verb '说' to indicate an action.
我 (wǒ): I会 (huì): can说 (shuō): to speak汉语 (hànyǔ): Mandarin Chinese
wǒ juéde zhè dào cài bùgòu xián, xūyào zài jiā diǎn yán.
I think this dish is not salty enough and needs more salt added.
The sentence structure pattern used here is '我觉得...需要...' (I think...need...). The adjective '不够' (not enough) modifies the adjective '咸' (salty). The adverb '再' (again) is used to indicate that more salt needs to be added. The measure word '点' (a bit) is used with the noun '盐' (salt) to indicate the amount needed.
我 (wǒ): I觉得 (juéde): think/feel这道 (zhè dào): this dish菜 (cài): vegetable dish不够 (bùgòu): not enough咸 (xián): salty需要 (xūyào): need再 (zài): again加 (jiā): add点 (diǎn): a bit盐 (yán): salt
Wǒmen yīqǐ qù páshān, hǎo ma?
Shall we go mountain climbing together?
This sentence uses the modal particle '吗' to ask for agreement to go mountain climbing together.
我们 (wǒmen): we一起 (yīqǐ): together去 (qù): to go爬山 (páshān): mountain climbing好吗 (hǎo ma): shall we
Zhège zhōumò wǒ yào hé péngyǒu qù páshān.
I am going to climb mountains with friends this weekend.
In this sentence, the verb '要' (yào) indicates a future action, meaning 'will'. The structure of the sentence follows the order of subject-verb-object with the preposition '和' (hé) meaning 'and' to connect the subject and object.
这个 (zhège): this周末 (zhōumò): weekend我 (wǒ): I要 (yào): will和 (hé): and朋友 (péngyǒu): friend去 (qù): go爬山 (páshān): climb mountains
Wǒ de gǒu hěn cōngmíng.
My dog is very smart.
This sentence introduces the adjective 很 (hěn), which is used to indicate a high degree or intensity of the following adjective. Here, 很 (hěn) is used with the adjective 聪明 (cōngmíng) to describe the degree of intelligence of the subject, 狗 (gǒu).
我的 (wǒ de): my狗 (gǒu): dog很 (hěn): very聪明 (cōngmíng): clever, smart