Jīntiān de tiānqì hěn hǎo, wǒmen qù páshān ba.
The weather today is very nice. Let's go mountain climbing.
The word '的' in '今天的天气' functions as a possessive particle, indicating that '今天' possesses the quality of '天气'. The final '吧' in '我们去爬山吧' is a particle used to suggest or urge someone to do something.
今天 (jīntiān): today天气 (tiānqì): weather爬山 (páshān): mountain climbing
Nǐ zài nǎlǐ gōngzuò?
Where do you work?
In this sentence, we use the question word 哪里 to ask 'where' and the verb 在 to indicate the location of the work place. We don't need a preposition like 'at' or 'in' since it is included in the verb.
你 (nǐ): you在 (zài): at/in/on/at (a certain time)哪里 (nǎlǐ): where工作 (gōngzuò): work
Tā de jiā hěn xiǎo, dànshì hěn shūfú.
His house is small, but very comfortable.
In this sentence, we use the conjunction 但是 (dànshì) to express contrast. It means 'but' and is used to connect two phrases that contrast each other. For example, 我想去旅游，但是没有时间。 (Wǒ xiǎng qù lǚyóu, dànshì méiyǒu shíjiān.) means 'I want to go travel, but I don't have time.'
他 (tā): he的 (de): possessive particle家 (jiā): house很 (hěn): very小 (xiǎo): small但是 (dànshì): but舒服 (shūfú): comfortable
wǒ xǐhuān chànggē tiàowǔ.
I like singing and dancing.
This sentence uses the 'Verb1 + Verb2' structure to describe both actions that the subject enjoys doing. The action verbs are '唱歌', meaning 'to sing', and '跳舞', meaning 'to dance'.
我 (wǒ): I喜欢 (xǐhuān): to like唱歌 (chànggē): to sing跳舞 (tiàowǔ): to dance
Nǐ xǐhuān shén me kǒuwèi de bīngqílín?
What flavor of ice cream do you like?
This sentence uses the question word '什么' to ask about the flavor of ice cream someone likes. The answer can use the grammar structure '[Subject] 喜欢 [Adjective] 的 [Object]' to describe the specific kind of ice cream they like.
你 (nǐ): you喜欢 (xǐ huān): like什么 (shén me): what口味 (kǒu wèi): flavor的 (de): particle for connecting attributes冰淇淋 (bīng qí lín): ice cream