zhè shì wǒ de hǎo yǒu.
This is my good friend.
In this sentence, we see the possessive particle 的 used to indicate that the friend belongs to the speaker. Also, we see the adjectival modifier 好 used to describe the quality of the friend.
这 (zhè): this是 (shì): is我的 (wǒ de): my好友 (hǎo yǒu): good friend
Qǐngwèn xǐshǒujiān zài nǎlǐ?
Excuse me, where is the restroom?
This sentence uses 请问 to politely ask a question. The word 在 is used to indicate location and is followed by the location identifier 哪里 to indicate the speaker's request for the restroom's location.
请问 (qǐngwèn): excuse me洗手间 (xǐshǒujiān): restroom在 (zài): is哪里 (nǎlǐ): where
Zuótiān wǎnshàng wǒ kàn le yī bù diànyǐng.
Last night I watched a movie.
The sentence uses the 'le' particle to indicate a completed action. 'Yī bù' is a measure word for films and similar forms of media.
昨天 (zuótiān): yesterday晚上 (wǎnshàng): evening我 (wǒ): I看 (kàn): to watch了 (le): indicates a completed action一部 (yī bù): one (measure word for films)电影 (diànyǐng): movie
Nǐ de zhōngwén hěn hǎo.
Your Chinese is very good.
Possessive pronoun '你的' is used to modify the noun '中文'. Adverb '很' is used to indicate the degree of the adjective '好'. The adjective is placed after the subject which is the noun '中文' in this sentence.
你的 (nǐ de): your中文 (zhōngwén): Chinese language很 (hěn): very好 (hǎo): good
Zhège cài hěn là, nǐ néng chī ma?
This dish is very spicy, can you eat it?
The pattern 'néng + verb' is used to inquire about someone's ability to do something. In this sentence, it is used to ask if the listener is able to eat the spicy dish.
这个 (zhège): this菜 (cài): dish很 (hěn): very辣 (là): spicy你 (nǐ): you能 (néng): can吃 (chī): to eat